What may seem like a lifeless area, a
place where no human wants to set foot on or even think about because of its
drastic cold weather, is actually a region where biodiversity runs in every
direction. The tundra, an ecosystem where the word itself seems as cold and
harsh as its actual area, is surprisingly a haven for all sorts of plants,
animals, and adventure. Among the numerous places that contains this tundra
habitat is the famous Pyrenees of Europe. This mountain range falls under the
category of the Alpine Tundra, the type of tundra that holds mile-high
mountains and the freezing snow. Showcasing 3,500 species of plants with about
200 of them being endemic (1), this place is not to be overlooked. The Pyrenees
is a landmark of Europe that every child learns about and wishes one day to set
foot on this historical site. The question then becomes, what is so special
about the Pyrenees? The answer, whether you know it or not, is that this
mountain range contains one of the highest biodiversity rates ever but is
slowly being degraded through human impacts. If humans do not reverse this
trend, a whole platoon of rare wildlife will disappear even before we notice
their existence.
The Beauty that is the Pyrenees |
HISTORICAL STATE
Southwest Europe is the home of these
Pyrenees Mountains and home of one of the diverse alpine tundra in the world.
It runs along a 270-mile stretch passing the infamous countries of Europe – France
and Spain, touching the borders of the Atlantic and the Mediterranean. Not
considering the present human impacts and conditions, there are many ways to
describe the beauty that is the Pyrenees. There are six different vegetation
zones where at the lower heights, “Prepyrenees”, there are Mediterranean plants
present and the higher you go, the more tundra it becomes (2). The highest
mountain range reaches 3,400 meters and makes the Pyrenees the second highest
mountain range in Europe before the Alps of Switzerland. The Alpine tundra ranges from rocky slopes, canyons, high summits of more than 3,000 m made of luxurious granite.This mountain range is
divided into three areas. The West is
affected by the humid Atlantic. The Central
is colder. The East is affected by
Mediterranean. These factors have always stayed the same as well as the climate
throughout history (1). There is a distinct wide difference between the
climates of the Spanish side and French side. The ocean plays a big role in the
North. The east was and is surprisingly very humid. There is 2000 hours of
sunshine and a little over 25 degrees Celsius during most of the sunny time in the Midi-Pyrenees area.
Around the July/August time is when the sunshine appears. The average
temperature is around 19 degrees Celsius (3).
The different layers of the Pyrenees with Alpine soaring high up |
Apart from its rich history, the Pyrenees holds a variety of wildlife that makes the range very significant. Depending on the elevation of the mountain range, there will be mixed types of plants and animals. Focused on the alpine tundra, around the tops of the mountains, there are mixed beech, silver fir, mountain pine, snowbed willow, and alpine sandthorn/meadows surrounding the area. Around this area, there are needled conifers (4). Mountain pines are greatly present in the northern areas
Snowbed Willow |
Alpine Sandthorn |
These conifers differ
from the Mediterranean sub-alpine areas of the Pyrenees. The needled conifers
do not need plenty of water. However, in the lower half of the mountain, it is
easily possible to locate a Mediterranean atmosphere such as evergreen and
deciduous species. 3,500 vascular plants can easily be spotted, with around 200
endemic species. 64 species of mammals and 125 species of birds can also be
found. Carnivores used to run through the mountain range.
The Marmot is and endemic species of the Tundra |
The wolf, lynx, and
brown bear were common but now extinct or endangered megafauna. The desman and mole family
has been reintroduced but slowly diminishing as well. The marmot and a few
raptor species were distinct members of the Alpine Tundra but only a few of
them remain The Southern Pyrenees actually is now a safe haven for some
existing fauna that were not bullied by human development and populations (1).
However, the human impacts to some of these areas are now making that not
possible. As stated, the areas of the Pyrenees are diverse, full of wildlife,
but everything is slowly diminishing. There have been many extinct megafauna
and a slowly disappearing rate of plants.
HISTORY
Location of the Pyrenees among other historical sites |
From coast to coast, the range offers a wide variety of regions but also has a unique historical significance about itself. First of all, these mountains provide a border between historical counties. The mountains become a barrier between France and Spain. This border provides the territory in which Spain and France controls. Geographically in the map, it is easily spotted that France controls the North and Spain the South. It also serves as a barrier between Spain and Portugal. This barrier also blocks these two countries away from the majority of Europe and more close to Africa.
View of the Pyrenees from France |
This blockade served as an ally for both of these countries to gain a
relationship more with Africa than with Europe.
View of the Pyrenees from Spain |
Thus the Spanish used these
mountains to their advantage, used by their fleets invading Moors and
pilgrims. The impacts of these mountains
were so large that a treaty had to be formed in 1659 that gave France a part of
the Mountain that reached out the coast. These mountains also border many
smaller lakes. These smaller lakes provide the essential water for different
countries especially France (2). Thus, the significance of these mountains
provides a unique underlying value that might be overlooked.
HUMAN IMPACT
The tundra contains a vast amount of wildlife but is unfortunately too good to be true. Although many areas still have wildlife, most have low populations, most of which are endangered species. These areas are found in the high slopes of the Pyrenees. The reason for the decline is evident in the various human activities that damage the populations of both plants and animals. Unfortunately, human activity, soil erosion, and increase in sediments gave this biome a “bad” status. It is not “ugly” but it is not really good. Thus, the Pyrenees tundra is in a “vulnerable” state. The tundra is a great place for human activity because the alpine mountains are one of the many unique places that contain this severely cold weather.
The Alpine Tundra is home to many ski resorts |
They take
advantage of this area through creating ski runs, winter tourism resorts, and
hotels. To create these tourism resorts, road construction is necessary. Road
construction however is leading to extinction of many species especially
Spanish brown bears. Logging is very common in this area as it provides the
timber and roads necessary for selling and daily activities. Air pollution
comes from certain power stations that are needed to generate electricity
around the area. This affects bird populations and different plant species. A
lot of the water nearby is affected with timber cutting and are used to harness
waterpower. Flooding does occur once in awhile. Sediments travel to different
places that both harm wildlife and the water. Extirpation of certain animals
occurs (5). Fire from burning of forests in the area also affects the biome.
There is a great amount of oil found in the
Pyrenees and a lot of pipes and drilling occur in these areas that also affect
the wildlife. (6) There has been a reduction of glaciers due to climate change
as well (7) All these things combine to lessen wildlife in this region. Humans
use the tundra areas to its full potential knowing other humans do not live in
these areas. The effects of what is created may be very enjoyable, but the
underlying effect is the decrease in the rare wildlife found in these tundra
regions especially the Pyrenees. There is much debate on sedimentation and
livestock grazing. There is a lot of grazing that was observed around the
Western Pyrenees area. The overgrazing causes soil erosion and affects the
animals because of fencing. There is a study that shows as the number of coal
and pollen arise, the number of plants and animals are also in the decline (8).
There is a steady decline in the grazing as some laws are trying to be passed
to stop this. There are currently a few protected areas that the governments
decided to set up, Aigüestortes i Estany de Sant Maurici National Park in
Spain, the Ordesa y Monte Perdido National Park in Spain as well, the Pyrénées
National Park in France, and the Posets-Maladeta National Park also in Spain (9).
An IUCN member organization is working to save the Iberian Lynx. |
These areas are looking great as they are trying to save as much of the
wildlife they can. Some humans are trying to reverse their own negative
impacts. One group is taking a big step forward trying to impact the Pyrenees
lands. Fundació Caixa Catalunya
realized that nothing is being done to protect some of the areas in the
Pyrenees that are in serious danger. Thus, this IUCN member organization in
2010 has bought 7,834 hectares of land to protect certain species. These
species include the Iberian lynx, brown bear, and monk seal, all in danger to
go extinct soon (10).
TABLE #1: Graph shows as charcoal, sedimentation, and pollen grow (E), the number of animals and plants decline (B and C) ... From source (8) |
ACTIVITY
|
IMPACT
|
WHO GETS AFFECTED
|
Adding Ski Resorts and Hotels
|
Taking up more space of the
Alpine Tundra part of the Pyrenees
|
The animals and plants that used
to live in this area has to move out of their comfort zone in order to
appease the construction of these resorts
|
Over-Grazing
|
Addition of pollen and coal
|
Plants and animals around the
area of over-grazing
|
Pollution and Use of Land for
Power
|
Adds chemicals to the air
harmful to the area
|
Animals around the area, but
birds most especially
|
Flooding and Sedimentation
|
Affects the water and pollutes
it with dirty materials; the land absorbs these chemicals during the floods.
|
Fish in the bodies of water
surrounding the mountain range; crops that are flooded
|
Road Construction
|
Reduction of the area that
certain wildlife uses as shelter.
|
Affects the wildlife that used
to live there; affecting many brown bears.
|
TABLE #2: Another table showing the impacts of some human activities in the Pyrenees
FUTURE PROSPECTS
Without limiting resorts like Pla Del Mir, the Alpine Tundra will continually receive abuse |
The future can go two ways. It will be
bright if and only if they continue to do the certain things they are trying to
do to conserve the ecosystem. However, if they continue to counter these
conserving ways with over-grazing, logging, and the most deadly, using land for
different buildings, hotels, and resorts, things will get worse and the status
will move from “bad” to “ugly”. Based on the research given, it is believable
that the ecosystem will actually get worse. The number of species is declining.
There are not enough protected areas and even worse, resorts and hotels are
springing up left and right. The number of species and available land will only
dwindle. Based on my research, there is not only one human impact that affects
these areas.
The Pyrenees need more protected areas like Ordesa in Mexico |
There are numerous problems and the probability that we can
prevent every single problem is very slim. It is true a significant change will
occur if we can protect some species, but if logging, building, pollution, and
sedimentation is not prevented, then the con’s will just outweigh the pro’s.
This will lead to a net of zero and the impact will remain the same. In one’s
opinion, if this is the case, the likely future prospect is either the tundra
will remain the “bad” and “vulnerable” status or move to the “ugly” state. There are reports of laws passed about protecting certain species, controlling
grazing, and limiting the amount of building construction. This is a good first
step in trying to reverse this downward trend. However, there are no reports of
controlling the other factors mentioned in the “Human Impacts” section. If they
do not take a step forward in controlling the other factors, then the Pyrenees
might be in for a decline.
DONE TO IMPROVE
The first and foremost step for success is to educate the citizens of France and Spain. These inhabitants of the Pyrenees must understand how important these mountains were to both the history of the two countries and the significance of the wildlife. This place contains endemic species that are not known to many individuals. If people start realizing how important and vital these mountains are, many will find ways to assist the slow growth of improvement. Just take a look at the organization Fundació Caixa Catalunya who’s trying to improve the life in the Pyrenees after being informed. This is the first step. After being informed, the next step is protecting more of the endangered species by increasing protected areas.
Organizations should model the Fundacio Cixa Catalunya to save more species like the Brown Bear. |
If it’s possible to move all these
species away from where the trouble is, the Pyrenees can slowly regain that
large population of wildlife and hopefully their endemic population can do the
same. By isolating these species to protected areas away from logging,
sedimentation, pollution, etc. they can find ways to produce and increase the wildlife.
Third, the countries around the Pyrenees need to continue making important laws
that limit over-grazing and building. These are the two worst human impacts on
the ecosystem. If measures are taken to prevent these, a much healthier
ecosystem will arise. The governments also need to foresee the other harmful
effects as well and find a way to decrease their negative impacts. It is vital
to save the Pyrenees. What might not be seen in other places can be found in
this historical mountain range. Thus, preservation is vital.
Sources:
(1) Regato,
Pedro. "Southwest Europe: In the Pyrenees Mountains of Spain, France, and
Andorra." Wildlife Conservation, Endangered Species Conservation.
N.p., n.d. Web. 02 Dec. 2012.
<http://worldwildlife.org/ecoregions/pa0433>.
(2)
"Pyrenees." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica
Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2012. Web. 02 Dec. 2012. <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/484820/Pyrenees>.
(3) "France
Tourism Agency in South Africa: Your Travel Guide to France." France
Tourism Agency in South Africa: Your Travel Guide to France. N.p., n.d.
Web. 02 Dec. 2012.
<http://za.franceguide.com/Climate-in-Midi-Pyrenees.html?NodeID=1>.
(4) "Pyrenees
Discovery : TREES AND SHRUBS." Pyrenees Discovery : TREES AND SHRUBS.
N.p., n.d. Web. 02 Dec. 2012.
<http://www.pyrenees-decouverte.com/en/faunes/arbres/>.
(5) Garcia-Ruiz, Jose M. "Historical
Geomorphic Processes and Human Activities in the Central Spanish
Pyrenees." Mountain Research and Development 18.4 (1998): 309-20. Print.
(6)
Thorsell, J. "Pyrenees- Mont Perdu (Spain/France)." World Heritage
Nomination- Iucn Technical Evaluation Jul. 1996: n. pag. Web.
<http://whc.unesco.org/archive/advisory_body_evaluation/773bis.pdf>.
(7)"Assessing
Climate Change Impacts in the Pyrenees."European Environment Agency
(EEA). N.p., 7 Oct. 2011. Web. 02 Dec. 2012.
<http://www.eea.europa.eu/highlights/assessing-climate-change-impacts-in>.
(8)
Galop, DiDier. "Grazing Activities and Biodiversity History in the
Pyrenees: New Insights on High Altitude Ecosystems in the Framework of a
Human-Environment Observatory." Science Highlights: Integrative
Paleoscience 19.2 (2011): 53-55. Web.
(9)"Pyrenees Occidentales National Park
- Core Area." ProtectedPlanet. N.p., n.d. Web. 04 Dec. 2012.
<http://protectedplanet.net/sites/662>.
(10)
"UICN - Union Internacional Para La Conservacion De La Naturaleza." IUCN.
N.p., 15 Dec. 2010. Web. 02 Dec. 2012. <http://www.iucn.org/es/noticias/noticias_por_region/mediterraneo_news/?6690/Buying-land-to-save-the-species-of-Spain>.